math

Mathematical functions and constants.

Available Functions

Constants

Functions

math.sqrt(x)

Returns the square root of x.

Parameters:

• x: Number (integer or float)

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.sqrt(16)  # 4.0

math.pow(base, exp)

Returns base raised to the power of exp (base^exp).

Parameters:

• base: Base number
• exp: Exponent

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.pow(2, 8)  # 256.0

math.fabs(x)

Returns the absolute value of x as a float.

Parameters:

• x: Number (integer or float)

Returns: Float (always returns floating-point)

Example:

import math
result = math.fabs(-5)    # 5.0
result = math.fabs(-3.14) # 3.14

Note: For absolute value that preserves integer type, use the builtin abs() function instead.

math.floor(x)

Rounds x down to the nearest integer.

Parameters:

• x: Number

Returns: Integer

Example:

import math
result = math.floor(3.7)  # 3

math.ceil(x)

Rounds x up to the nearest integer.

Parameters:

• x: Number

Returns: Integer

Example:

import math
result = math.ceil(3.2)  # 4

Note: For rounding to nearest integer, use the builtin round() function. For min/max values, use the builtin min() and max() functions.

math.sin(x)

Returns the sine of x (in radians).

Parameters:

• x: Angle in radians

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.sin(0)  # 0.0
result = math.sin(math.pi / 2)  # 1.0

math.cos(x)

Returns the cosine of x (in radians).

Parameters:

• x: Angle in radians

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.cos(0)  # 1.0
result = math.cos(math.pi)  # -1.0

math.tan(x)

Returns the tangent of x (in radians).

Parameters:

• x: Angle in radians

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.tan(0)  # 0.0
result = math.tan(math.pi / 4)  # 1.0

math.log(x)

Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of x.

Parameters:

• x: Number (must be > 0)

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.log(1)  # 0.0
result = math.log(math.e)  # 1.0

math.exp(x)

Returns e raised to the power of x (e^x).

Parameters:

• x: Number

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.exp(0)  # 1.0
result = math.exp(1)  # 2.718281828459045

math.degrees(x)

Converts angle x from radians to degrees.

Parameters:

• x: Angle in radians

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.degrees(math.pi)  # 180.0
result = math.degrees(math.pi / 2)  # 90.0

math.radians(x)

Converts angle x from degrees to radians.

Parameters:

• x: Angle in degrees

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.radians(180)  # 3.141592653589793
result = math.radians(90)   # 1.5707963267948966

math.fmod(x, y)

Returns the floating-point remainder of x divided by y.

Parameters:

• x: Dividend
• y: Divisor (cannot be 0)

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.fmod(5.5, 2.0)  # 1.5
result = math.fmod(7.0, 3.0)  # 1.0

math.gcd(a, b)

Returns the greatest common divisor of integers a and b.

Parameters:

• a: Integer
• b: Integer

Returns: Integer

Example:

import math
result = math.gcd(48, 18)  # 6
result = math.gcd(100, 75) # 25

math.factorial(n)

Returns the factorial of n (n!).

Parameters:

• n: Non-negative integer (0 ≤ n ≤ 20)

Returns: Integer

Example:

import math
result = math.factorial(5)  # 120
result = math.factorial(0)  # 1

math.trunc(x)

Truncates x to the nearest integer toward zero.

Parameters:

• x: Number (integer or float)

Returns: Integer

Example:

import math
result = math.trunc(3.7)   # 3
result = math.trunc(-3.7)  # -3

math.asin(x)

Returns the arc sine of x in radians.

Parameters:

• x: Number in range [-1, 1]

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.asin(0)    # 0.0
result = math.asin(1)    # 1.5707963267948966 (pi/2)

math.acos(x)

Returns the arc cosine of x in radians.

Parameters:

• x: Number in range [-1, 1]

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.acos(1)    # 0.0
result = math.acos(0)    # 1.5707963267948966 (pi/2)

math.atan(x)

Returns the arc tangent of x in radians.

Parameters:

• x: Number

Returns: Float in range [-pi/2, pi/2]

Example:

import math
result = math.atan(0)    # 0.0
result = math.atan(1)    # 0.7853981633974483 (pi/4)

math.atan2(y, x)

Returns the arc tangent of y/x in radians, correctly handling the quadrant.

Parameters:

• y: Y coordinate
• x: X coordinate

Returns: Float in range [-pi, pi]

Example:

import math
result = math.atan2(1, 1)   # 0.7853981633974483 (pi/4)
result = math.atan2(-1, 1)  # -0.7853981633974483

math.log10(x)

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

Parameters:

• x: Positive number

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.log10(100)  # 2.0
result = math.log10(1000) # 3.0

math.log2(x)

Returns the base-2 logarithm of x.

Parameters:

• x: Positive number

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.log2(8)   # 3.0
result = math.log2(16)  # 4.0

math.hypot(x, y)

Returns the Euclidean distance sqrt(xx + yy).

Parameters:

• x: First coordinate
• y: Second coordinate

Returns: Float

Example:

import math
result = math.hypot(3, 4)  # 5.0
result = math.hypot(5, 12) # 13.0

math.copysign(x, y)

Returns x with the sign of y.

Parameters:

• x: Magnitude value
• y: Sign value

Returns: Float with magnitude of x and sign of y

Example:

import math
result = math.copysign(5, -1)   # -5.0
result = math.copysign(-5, 1)   # 5.0

math.isnan(x)

Returns true if x is NaN (Not a Number).

Parameters:

• x: Number to check

Returns: Boolean

Example:

import math
result = math.isnan(math.nan)  # True
result = math.isnan(5)         # False

math.isinf(x)

Returns true if x is positive or negative infinity.

Parameters:

• x: Number to check

Returns: Boolean

Example:

import math
result = math.isinf(math.inf)   # True
result = math.isinf(-math.inf)  # True
result = math.isinf(5)          # False

math.isfinite(x)

Returns true if x is neither NaN nor infinite.

Parameters:

• x: Number to check

Returns: Boolean

Example:

import math
result = math.isfinite(5)         # True
result = math.isfinite(math.inf)  # False
result = math.isfinite(math.nan)  # False

Constants

math.pi

The mathematical constant π (pi).

Value: Float (3.141592653589793)

Example:

import math
pi = math.pi  # 3.141592653589793

math.e

The mathematical constant e (Euler’s number).

Value: Float (2.718281828459045)

Example:

import math
e = math.e  # 2.718281828459045

math.inf

Positive infinity.

Value: Float (infinity)

Example:

import math
result = math.inf  # inf
result = math.isinf(math.inf)  # True

math.nan

NaN (Not a Number).

Value: Float (NaN)

Example:

import math
result = math.nan  # nan
result = math.isnan(math.nan)  # True

Usage Example

import math

# Basic operations
result = math.sqrt(16)      # 4.0
power = math.pow(2, 8)      # 256.0
absolute = math.fabs(-5)    # 5.0 (float)

# For integer-preserving abs, use builtin:
int_abs = abs(-5)           # 5

# Rounding
floor_val = math.floor(3.7) # 3
ceil_val = math.ceil(3.2)   # 4
round_val = round(3.5)      # 4 (use builtin round)

# Min/Max (use builtins)
minimum = min(3, 1, 4, 1, 5)  # 1
maximum = max(3, 1, 4, 1, 5)  # 5

# Trigonometric functions
sin_val = math.sin(0)       # 0.0
cos_val = math.cos(0)       # 1.0
tan_val = math.tan(0)       # 0.0

# Logarithmic and exponential
log_val = math.log(1)       # 0.0
exp_val = math.exp(1)       # 2.718281828459045

# Angle conversion
degrees_val = math.degrees(math.pi)  # 180.0
radians_val = math.radians(180)        # 3.141592653589793

# Modular arithmetic
mod_val = math.fmod(5.5, 2.0)  # 1.5
gcd_val = math.gcd(48, 18)     # 6
fact_val = math.factorial(5)   # 120

# Constants
pi = math.pi  # 3.141592653589793
e = math.e    # 2.718281828459045

# Calculate circle area
radius = 5
area = math.pi * math.pow(radius, 2)
print("Area: " + str(area))  # Area: 78.53981633974483

# Calculate hypotenuse using Pythagoras
a = 3
b = 4
hypotenuse = math.sqrt(math.pow(a, 2) + math.pow(b, 2))
print("Hypotenuse: " + str(hypotenuse))  # Hypotenuse: 5.0